冬至
Winter Solstice

        7.perihelion/ˌperɪˈhiːlɪən/ n.近日点；最高点(复数 perihelia或perihelions)
      The winter and summer solstices occur because Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees on its axis, and the moment of each solstice occurs when the axis is tilted in the direction of the sun. During the winter solstice, South Pole is tilted towards the sun, and during the summer solstice in June, the North Pole is tilted towards the sun.
    冬至和夏至的出现是因为地球在其地轴上倾斜了 23.5 度，而每个至点的时刻都发生在地轴向太阳方向倾斜时。在冬至期间，南极向太阳倾斜，而在六月的夏至期间，北极向太阳倾斜。8.axis/ˈæksɪs/ n. 
    (1)an imaginary line through the centre of an object, around which the object turns 轴（旋转物体假想的中心线）
例：Mars takes longer to revolve on its axis than the earth. 火星自转一周的时间比地球长。
  (2)a fixed line against which the positions of points are measured, especially points on a graph（尤指图表中的）固定参考轴线，坐标轴
例：the vertical/horizontal axis 纵╱横坐标轴
   (3)( geometry 几何 ) a line that divides a shape into two equal parts 对称中心线（将物体平分为二）
例：an axis of symmetry 对称轴
   (4)[ usually sing. ] an agreement or alliance between two or more countries 轴心（国与国之间的协议或联盟）
例：the Franco-German axis 法德轴心
  During thevernal and autumnal equinoxes, the Earth's axis is perpendicular to the sun, not tilted towards it. (This tilt is why we experience seasons, and why the seasons are flipped in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.)
    在春分和秋分期间，地轴垂直于太阳，而不是向太阳倾斜。（这种倾斜是我们经历季节的原因，也是北半球和南半球季节交替的原因。）
    9.vernal equinoxes  春分（24节气之一）；春分点（约在3月20日）
Autumnal equinoxes 秋分（24节气之一）；秋分点（约在9月23日）
Equinox/ˈekwɪnɒks/ n.one of the two times in the year (around 20 March and 22 September) when the sun is above the equator and day and night are of equal length 二分时刻；昼夜平分时；春分；秋分
    例：the spring/autumn equinox 春分；秋分
    10.Perpendicular/ˌpɜːpənˈdɪkjələ(r)/ adj.
   (1)~ (to sth) forming an angle of 90° with another line or surface; vertical and going straight up 垂直的；成直角的
    例：Are the lines perpendicular to each other? 这些直线相互垂直吗？
   (2)( Perpendicular ) ( architecture 建 ) connected with a style of architecture common in England in the 14th and 15th centuries, that makes use of vertical lines and wide arches 垂直式的（英国14、15世纪盛行的建筑风格，以使用垂直线和大拱为特征）作名词表示( the perpendicular ) [ sing. ] a line, position or direction that is exactly perpendicular 垂直线（或位置、方向）
    例：The wall is a little out of the perpendicular. 墙壁有点倾斜。
During the winter solstice, the sun reaches the southernmost point in the sky from the perspective of Earth — at noon, the sun will appear directly overhead of the Tropic of Capricorn, at 23.5 degrees south.
    冬至期间，从地球的角度来看，太阳到达天空的最南端——中午时分，太阳将出现在南回归线的正上方，南纬 23.5 度。
    11.Overhead adv.above your head; in the sky 在头上方；在空中
    例：Planes flew overhead constantly. 飞机不断从头顶上飞过。
Adj. (1)above your head; raised above the ground 头上方的；地面以上的；高架的
    例：overhead power lines 高架输电线
  (2)connected with the general costs of running a business or an organization, for example paying for rent or electricity 经费的；管理费用的
    例：overhead costs 营运开支
    作名词用overheads表示[ pl. ] ( especially BrE ) ( especially in NAmE also overhead [ U ] ) regular costs that you have when you are running a business or an organization, such as rent, electricity, wages, etc. 经费；营运费用；经常性开支
    12.The Tropic of Capricorn 南回归线
Tropic 回归线（北回归线称作the Tropic of Cancer，南回归线称作the Tropic of Capricorn）
    Capricorn/ˈkæprɪkɔːn/ n.摩羯宫；摩羯座（等于 Capricornus）
At noon in the Northern Hemisphere, the sun will appear at its lowest point in the sky compared to where it is at noon throughout the rest of the year, which is why this marks the shortest day of 2022 in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, however, it will be the longest day of 2022.
    在北半球的中午，与全年其他时间的中午相比，太阳将出现在天空中的最低点，这就是为什么这标志着北半球 2022 年白天最短。然而，在南半球，这将是 2022 年最长的一天。
    Midwinter festivals have long been celebrated on the winter solstice each year by current and ancient cultures. In fact, many elements of the Christmas holiday were influenced by the Roman paganmidwinter festival Saturnalia, which celebrated the god of agriculture and time and fell near the winter solstice each year.
    现代和古代文化长期以来一直在每年的冬至日庆祝仲冬节。事实上，圣诞节假期的许多元素都受到罗马异教徒仲冬节农神节的影响，农神节庆祝农业和时间之神，每年都在冬至附近举行。
    13.Pagan/ˈpeɪɡən/ 作名词表示异教徒（信    非主流宗教者）；非基督教徒；新异教主义者；无宗教信仰者 
    14.Saturnalia/ˌsætəˈneɪliə/ [U]萨图恩节，农神节（古罗马十二月份的节日，在如今圣诞节前后）
According to history, the winter solstice fell on Dec. 25 on the Julian calendar, which was used by the Ancient Romans; today we use the Gregorian calendar, which has the winter solstice fall on either Dec. 21 or Dec. 22.     根据 History.com，冬至日是古罗马人使用的儒略历的 12 月 25 日；今天我们使用公历，冬至在 12 月 21 日或 12 月 22 日。 
15.Julian calendar 儒略历（凯撒大帝制订的日历，在西方国家一直使用至以阳历取代为止）
    Gregorian calendar 公历，阳历，格列高利历（自1582年以来西方国家使用的历法）